CN-155 MANGROVE or “UPSIDE DOWN” JELLYFISH, Cassiopea xamachana or frondosa

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A beautiful brown and white jelly fish found by the thousands among the roots of mangroves in the southern Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and other tropical waters. Cassiopea gracefully pulsate through the water, landing upside down on the muddy bottom sediment to expose the symbiotic algae in their tissues to the sun. Size: 3-10 cm.

Category

Description

DIET

A large portion of their diet comes from their symbiotic relationship with the zooxanthellae, Symbiodinium microadriaticum. These brown zooxanthellae live on the under side of the jellies’ bell and provide food and nutrients. However, the zooanthellae requires sunlight to photosynthesize so it is important the jellies are kept in a shallow area with plenty of access to sunlight.

The nematocysts of these jellies also help them filter feed by capturing microscopic prey and detritus through their tentacles. In captivity, they will eat brine shrimp. Compared to other jellies, Cassiopea gives off a relatively mild sting.

HUSBANDRY

Both Cassiopea sp. and their zooxanthellae have sensitive light and temperature levels. They prefer warmer, tropical waters with a temperature of 72- 78F. Salinity levels should be between a 1.023sg to 1.025sg.

LIFE CYCLE

Figure 1 Life cycle of Cassiopea xamachana. The cycle starts with sexual reproduction (1, solid lines) when adult jellyfish release their gametes into the water column. There, sperm-fertilized eggs become free-living larval ciliates. Once the swimming larvae identifies a suitable substrate, it settles and develops into a scyphistoma. The final stage is thought to ensue once Symbiodinium has been acquired by the scyphistomae, triggering metamorphosis, strobilation and ephyrae formation. The ephyrae are released into the water column creating a free-living jellyfish. In the asexual component (2, dashed lines), the scyphistoma develops a bud that is released into the environment as larva. It settles and metamorphoses to scyphistoma and the cycle perpetuates. In parallel, as the ephyra is released (3), it can regenerate into a newly formed scyphistoma (dotted lines) and enter the asexual part of the cycle.

Cabrales-Arellano, Patricia et al. “Indomethacin reproducibly induces metamorphosis in Cassiopea xamachana scyphistomae.” PeerJ (2017).

ANATOMY

Morphology of Cassiopea in side view (left) and top view (right) where the medusa is shown in its ʻupside-downʼ orientation (modified from Hamlet et al., 2011) [redrawn from Hyman (Hyman, 1940)]. The axes used in the analysis are shown on the left. x represents the axial or vertical position from the substrate; r represents the radial or horizontal position measured from the center of the jellyfish. This coordinate system was used for bell kinematics and phase-averaged digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) flow fields. For time-resolved DPIV measurements, the coordinate system was translated in the rdirection by 10mm. The manubrium is the central column of the jellyfish that emerges from the center of the oral surface of the bell with eight frilly oral arms radiating from it. Only one oral arm is drawn in its entirety from the top view. The data from organisms presented in this paper varied from 2 to 6cm in bell diameter. There were also variations in the frilly branches of the oral arms among them.

Santhanakrishnan, Arvind & Dollinger, Makani & Hamlet, Christina & Colin, Sean & Miller, Laura. (2012). Flow structure and transport characteristics of feeding and exchange currents generated by upside-down Cassiopea jellyfish. The Journal of experimental biology. 215. 2369-81. 10.1242/jeb.053744.

VIDEOS

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES AND REFERENCES

The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Cassiopea xamachana (Upside-down Jellyfish)

Animal Diversity Web: Cassiopea xamachana

Cassiopea xamachana as a bioindicator of dissolved inorganic phosphates in the sea water

The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State

A Symbiotic Lifestyle: C. xamachana and Zooxanthellae FINAL

Cassiopea and Its Zooxanthellae

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